The atomic model described by Ernest Rutherford and developed analytically by Niels Bohr at the beginning of this
century can still be visualized in a space time frame of classical dimensions.
In a now famous experiment, Rutherford using radioactive materials, subjected some very thin gold leaves to
a bombardment of alpha particles. With the help of a photographic plate set behind the gold leaves he could keep track of
the particles' trajectories. He found as a result of this experiment that the great majority of these heavy Helium nuclei
particles, could traverse a thickness of thousands atoms of gold without any interference at all, as if they were traveling
through empty space, while a very few of them were deflected at a very sharp angle. The experiment was suggesting that the
substance of the atom itself was concentrated in a very small volume, surrounded by a vast area of empty space. On these premises'
Rutherford conceived a new atomic model consisting of a heavier particle that he called the Nucleus, around which small Electron
particles were revolving, in a similarity with the observed movement of planets around a star. The circular orbit revolutions
of the Eectron in Rutherford atomic model are contained in a plane, while the larger part of the mass of the system is concentrated
in the Nucleus. In this model the Electron is orbiting around the Nucleus at a distance of approximately 10 -10 m. The Nucleus
radius was then estimated at 10 ^-20 to l0-15 m.
While no definite size could be determined for the lectron that was only described as extremely small. The Atom seems
to be constituted by infinitesimal spec of something revolving around another larger spec at great distance from it, and appears
therefore to consist mostly of empty space.
In atoms
larger than Hydrogen, the Nucleus is composed of several Neutrons and several Protons with an equal number of eElectrons orbiting
around it. The number of Electrons equal to the number of Protons in the nucleus is adding up to the specific atomic number
by which the Atom itself is classified.
As described
by Bohr, the orbits followed by the Electrons around the Nucleus are arranged at increased distances from it in a pattern
that is conveying to the Atom its chemical properties. An Electron, when revolving around a Nucleus may be influenced by additional
energetic inputs originating from other sources, the resulting additional energy absorbed will, when reaching a certain specific
volume, acquire an increased velocity along the Z axis that will propel it in a new orbit at a greater distance from the Nucleus.
This situation offers similarity with the solar system, where planets are found to assume orbits of a different velocity and
dimension under different conditions. The Atomic model described by Rutherford and later organized in the form of energetic
quanta by Bohr was very useful in explaining the phenomenon of the characteristic bands found in the light spectrum, where
each band is representing the energy level found in the electrons of a specific atom. It was later discovered, in observing
the bands under magnification, that each singular spectrum line was composed of a group of several lines, appearing very close
together, each defining a slightly different level of energy, the distance between the line becoming more pronounced under
the influence of magnetic forces. Since every line of a spectrum represents a different possible Electron orbit at a specific
energy level, the phenomenon could be explained as if the Electron would occupy, not one, but different possible orbits in
its revolutions around the nucleus, each orbit possessing different space time characteristics, the possible trajectories
assuming not only a circular, but also an elliptical configuration or displaying revolving orbits in differently tilted planes.
Each of these orbits was actually defined and classified through the Atom physical characteristics and a quantum number was
assigned to it .Wulfgang Pauli suggested that in order to account for the various spectral characteristics of the various
elements, no more than one Electron can posses a particular set of Quantum numbers and therefore not more than two Electrons
can share the same identical orbit In the Rutherford Bohr model each atom differs from the other by the number of Electrons
orbiting a Nucleus composed of Neutrons and of Protons matching the Electrons in number. Today, when we try to visualize an
atom we still refer to that model, even if under the considerations evolving from Quantum mechanics, this four dimensional
space and time picture cannot represent a valid description of reality.
In the Quantum mechanics
theory the original idea of particles as the only substantial matter in an empty Universe was maintained, each particle created
and evolved from another, during the immeasurable heat and pressure generated in the big bang hypothesis.
In
this hypothesis advanced a few years ago, all the particles that are now part of the Universe were in the beginning concentrate
in an infinitely small point with an infinitely great mass that was in itself comprehending space and time. This illogical
and for me incomprehensible configurations called a "singularity" is described in the big bang theory for being
all that existed of the Universe at the beginning of time, a Universe which is estimated to be fifteen billion years old.
When the big bang occurred, this singularity acquired space, time and energy and under an infinite amount of heat and pressure
began to separate in individual particles eventually evolving in Electrons, Protons and all other particles known, in a sequence
of events that scientists tried to duplicate in a small scale with particle accelerators.
While under the force of gravity
the big bang generated particles aggregated in forming stars, planets, galaxies and cluster of galaxies, their velocity in
escaping from us and each other can stil be seen in the red shift detected in their light spectrum. The process resulting
in the radiating energy and the progressive evolution of the individual particles formed in the big bang, is described by
the quantum mechanics theory, from the infinitesimal fraction of time in the very beginning of the bang to their existence
in the Atoms of today. In following this evolution, as partially reenacted in experiments made with particle accelerators,
more and more of these particles were discovered and described as component of the atomic substance each possessing its particular
characteristics.
The theory of the big bang elegantly explains how our Universe came to be and the
following mathematical consideration worked brilliantly to resolve and confirm the experimental data.
But
than why our common sense wants to reject those conclusions that appear to us to be incomprehensible and completely out of
a possible understanding. The inserted idea of this something called a "singularity" seams especially to conflict
with our logical thinking soon becoming an absurdity. The big bang theory is essential to explain a Universal substance of
particles in an otherwise empty space and cannot be discarded if we follow this theory to its logical conclusion. We believe
therefore that something must be missing in the original postulate that was stipulated regarding the constitution of matter.
In the research for a new model that could describe again in a four dimensional, space time configurations, a comprehensible
understanding of a universal substance, I have modified the Rutherford and Bohr model, inserting a new interpretation of its
structure. The original explosion conceived in the big bang theory will this way become a possibility, but not a necessity.
In the Rutherford Bohr model, a problem arose in the description of an Atomic Nucleus that was understood to be composed of
particles restricted in a small spherical volume of a domain with a radius approximately equal to 10-20 -20 m.
These particles so closely packaged were the previously described Protons and Neutrons; the Protons possessing a Positive
charge. How could positive charges be contained at a close proximity from each other without disintegrating the nucleolus
under the repulsive action that occur between similar charges?
In the particles theory the Protons must be kept
together by a force acting in the Nucleus, a force that could be felt only in the very proximity of it. The name "strong
force" was given to it and its mechanical dynamics were explained by the interactions between the protons and certain
virtual particles emitted and absorbed by the nucleons that in so doing were making the strong force evident. This interpretation
by the quantum mechanics theory of the strong force follows the idea that in order for particles to act on each other at a
distance in an empty space they had to emit and absorb other particles. These particles could not be detected because in answer
to the principle of Heisenberg they must appear and disappear during the extremely short time aloud for them to exist. They
were for that reason catalogued in a particular group named virtual particles
. In the new configuration
suggested in our Atomic model, we don't have to explain the action at a distance, since we have assumed the presence of a
continuous universal substance. We will try then to explain these forces and their interaction in the atomic world following
a different understanding of the substance of matter. We will describe, through a diagrammatic sketch, a world in which energy
sources intensity impulses and implosion waves are, as we have previously described, interacting , with each other in
the existing substance of the Universal Field. In the solar system, the orbits of the planets around the sun result from the
attraction due to the forces of gravity~ in our new atomic model it is caused by the interactions between the sources of the
energy transmitted by their respective intensity impulses and implosion waves. We will first describe the atom of Hydrogen,
being schematically the simplest of all, composed by only an Electronic particle revolving around a Proton. We will maintain
Rutherford schemes of the Electron revolving in a plane around the nucleus, but we will substitute to the concept of material
particles the idea of sources of energy acting on each other through the substance of the Field. An Electron source, acting
on the Field through its transiting, rotating and pulsating motions, will radiate intensity impulses and emit implosion waves
transmitting their energetic input into the field from source to source. In the case of the Hydrogen atom in particular the
Electron is captured by the Positron source that is revolving around the Proton at a distance from it of 10-20
m.
The actions exercised by these two sources on each other through the exchange of intensity impulses are described
in sketch N.13, The intensity impulses of the Electron and Positron possessing opposite revolving configuration will be captured
in the respective volume of influence. The action exercised by their dynamic characteristics will make the two sources revolve
around each other while both will be orbiting around the Nucleus. The additional energy generated by the eElectron intensity
impulses will, when absorbed by the Positron source, affect its space time dynamic and these exchanges will in turn be transmitted
to the Proton source. The Positron escaping from the Proton source through its transitional velocity, while attracted to it
by strong implosion forces will as a consequence revolves ar 10-10m. around it. I believe that
the strong force to which the particle physics theory had assigned the Job of holding the nucleolus together, is the result
of an interplay between intensity impulses and implosion waves generated by the atomic Nucleus. This same described interaction
will allow the Electron Positron combination the freedom of choosing any suitable revolution around the atom nucleus, a condition
that will be helpful in trying to understand how several sources will come together in the composition of more complex atoms
than the hydrogen. The Positron is a source acting in the field through its Intensity impulses, its orbit contained by the
implosion forces around the Nucleus, at a distance of 10 -20 m. or 10000-time smaller than the radius of influence of the
proton. At this distance (in a similarity with the definition of a cosmic black hole) the intensity impulses are kept a prisoner
around the nucleolus by the implosion waves. The black hole hypothesis states that when a supernova of a specific size and
type explodes and than collapses under the forces of gravity all the particles constituting it win have to concentrate in
a small volume, this way generating a substance so dense with gravitational forces so strong that nothing including light
is capable to escape its pull.
In our hypothesis, the situation existing in a black
hole is also present within a distance of 10 m. of every Neutron and Proton source, where their generated intensity impulses
cannot escape and become imprisoned around them. The Proton source with an energy 1836 times that of an Electron and a radius
12.2 times as big, in exerting a strong influence in the surrounding field will keep the Positron from escaping mainly through
its implosion forces.
As we can see, the similarity between the two models is simple but distinct. While
in the Rutherford model as interpreted by particle physics we are talking of substantial particles, each composed by other
particles each possessing their own specific amount of energy and acting on each other through other particles, the new model
representing in a four dimensional space time relationship the variations in the intensity of the field caused by energy,
that reveal itself in it through localized sources with attractions affecting the speed and dimension of their revolution.
In our model an Atom is therefore represented by periodic changes of intensity in the substance of the Field, caused by energy
that localizes in the sources, which with their interactions through intensity impulses and implosion waves are forming in
a space frame of three cardinal axises and a dimension in time what we perceive as substance. What our mind is detecting in
the matter around us is therefore only a space time change in intensity of the universal field.
Energy
is drafting a Universe for us to see on the textured canvas of the field, the only substantial entity. The same forces existing
between the Electron, the Positron and the Proton in the Atom of Hydrogen will act in constituting more complex atoms and
also in the bonding of the atoms into molecules.
